Surgery has been practiced for thousands of years, evolving from crude procedures to sophisticated medical interventions. The earliest recorded surgeries date back to prehistoric times, with evidence found in ancient human skulls.Trepanation: The Oldest Known Surgery (~7000 BCE)The earliest form of surgery was trepanation, a procedure where a hole was drilled or scraped into the...

Film cameras hold a special place in the history of photography. Before the digital revolution, they were the primary tools for capturing images, shaping the art and science of photography for more than a century. Even in today’s digital world, film cameras continue to attract enthusiasts for their tactile experience, unique aesthetics, and the timeless quality of analog images.The Origins of...

The evolution of the camera is a fascinating journey through time, blending art, science, and technology. From the earliest experiments with light and shadow to today's advanced digital photography, the history of cameras reflects humanity’s enduring desire to capture and preserve moments.The Beginnings: Camera ObscuraThe term camera obscura, meaning "dark chamber" in Latin, refers to the...