Getty ImagesA further 36 universities face legal action from more than 170,000 current and former students, who claim they did not receive the full education they paid for during the Covid pandemic.
It follows a settlement between University College London (UCL) and the Student Claim Group, which is now representing other students and graduates.
Legal letters have been sent to each of the 36 other institutions, warning that they intend to seek damages for learning which students claim they paid for but did not actually receive.
The government at the time said universities were responsible for setting their own fees, and that it expected them to continue to deliver a high-quality education.
UCL has not admitted any liability in its case and the details of the settlement remain confidential, with neither the institution nor lawyers for the students able to discuss it.
The case against UCL involved 6,000 students and was due to be heard in court in March.
However, the deal now appears to have opened the way for large-scale legal action against the university sector, which is being brought under consumer law.
The main part of the claim is about the difference in tuition fee price between courses delivered online and in person, and the BBC understands economic analysis of this will form the basis of the new claims.
During the pandemic, most university teaching shifted online for long periods of time, with students either returned home or locked down in university accommodation.
Access to shared facilities on campus was restricted, which caused particular anger among students whose courses involved providing specialist facilities for practical work.
Students on fine art or applied arts courses were particularly angry at the time.
It led to a huge sense of frustration among students who felt they were missing out on a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to study and make lifelong friends.
Graduation ceremonies were virtual or delayed, and those leaving university were seeking their first graduate jobs in an economy recovering from the pandemic.
Shimon Goldwater, a partner in Asserson Solicitors, said the learning that students missed out on during Covid "was one of the great injustices to come out of the pandemic - and it's never been remedied".
"It's very simple, in English law if you paid for a five-star holiday and received a one-star holiday, you are entitled to compensation," Goldwater said.
The Student Group Claim argues this basic principle of consumer law overrides any clauses in university contracts which seek to absolve the institution from responsibility for disruption.
The 36 universities to have received a pre-action letter are:
Many of the students involved in the claim will also have suffered further disruption during strikes by staff in long-running disputes over pensions, pay or working conditions.
One of the pre-action letters seen by the BBC said that, in addition to any financial losses, the students "suffered disappointment and distress as a result of the failure of the university to provide the services promised".
The letter to that particular university says former students are seeking redress for the academic years 2019-20, 2020-21 and 2021-22.
By the academic year 2022-23, teaching on some courses remained hybrid, with almost a third still being delivered online.
Universities UK, which lobbies on behalf of more than 140 universities, has been approached for comment.
The deadline for student claims relating to Covid is in September 2026.
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